Is the Head of the House at Home?
(Eph. 5:21-6:9)
By Joe E. Trull
- A Foreign World
- Some Foreign Words
- A Foreign Way
- Conclusion
- Endnotes
Dr. Joe E. Trull is Professor of Christian Ethics at New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, having joined the faculty in 1985. Previously he served as pastor of churches in Texas and Virginia and as Associate Professor of Sociology at Carson Newman College. He holds the B.A. degree from Oklahoma Baptist University and the B.D. and Th.D. degrees from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. He is the author of Forty Object Sermons for Children, Ministerial Ethics: Being a Good Minister in a Not-So-Good World (co-authored by James E. Carter), and numerous articles and sermons in books and journals. His most recent book Christian Ethics: Facing Tough Issues with Biblical Principles and Sound Reasoning, is scheduled to be released by Broadman & Holman Publishers in 1997. This article was first printed in The Theological Educator, Number 55 (Fall 1996, pp. 83-94).
The phone rings just as I sit down to dinner. The voice asks, "Is this the head of the house?" Should my answer be brave or honest? I reply, "It depends on what you mean by head."
The answer to the title question is similar. Yes, there is a head of the house at home, but probably not the one you had in mind. For the Christian household, Christ is the true head.
Ephesians 5:21-6:9 is a Hausentafel (a code of household duties) and a central Pauline passage on the Christian home.[i] Often quoted in wedding ceremonies, these well-worn verses are sometimes used to support a traditional view of male superiority and female submission in marriage relationships.[ii] The thesis of this article is that Eph. 5:21-6:9 upholds a model of mutual submission under the lordship of Christ.
Jewish and Gentile moralists commonly wrote guidelines to govern the behavior of family members. Biblical scholars presume Eph. 5:21-6:9 was part of catechetical instruction given to new converts in Christian churches along with other teachings (cf. Col. 3:18-4:1; Tit. 2:1-10; 1 Pet. 2:13-3:7).[iii] The apostle Paul added a new element in his household codes–the Christian home was to be different from the typical Graeco-Roman family. Every member of the Christian family was to live under the lordship of Christ, which revolutionized domestic relationships.
Paul`s teachings about the home may have arisen because of the breakdown of the family in the New Testament world. In Jewish families, the wife had no rights at all and was regarded more as a possession than a person. The woman`s position in the Greek world was worse, for the wife lived a secluded life. As Xenophon put it, females were to "see as little as possible, hear as little as possible, and ask as little as possible."[iv] The Greek way of life made companionship in marriage impossible.
In Rome the matter was even worse. For the first five hundred years, the Roman Republic recorded not one case of divorce. By the time of Paul, however, Roman family life was crumbling. Seneca wrote that women were married to be divorced and divorced to be married. Jerome tells of a woman in Rome who was married to her twenty-third husband, and she was his twenty-first wife.[v]
In this atmosphere were adultery was common and chastity rare, Paul was concerned about family breakdown in the churches. In Corinth, for example, some members seemed to overlook an incestuous relationship (1 Cor. 5:1-2), while others desired to disavow their marital ties altogether (1 Cor. 7:1-16).
A few years after Paul wrote to the Corinthians, the apostle counseled the ephesian Christians about marriage and family relationships. Although not himself a married man (1 Cor. 7:7), Paul`s childhood home was devoutly religious (Phil. 3:4-6; 2 Cor. 11:22). In addition, Paul had the teachings of Jesus and Jesus` treatment of women and children as background. Out of these circumstances the missionary teacher penned one of the noblest statements in Scripture about marriage and family.
A Foreign World [vi]
In order to interpret Paul`s domestic teachings correctly, an understanding of family roles and relationships in the first-century world is absolutely essential. Although Jewish women occupied a position of dignity and responsibility in the home, in social and religious life they were little more than an appendage of their husbands. A Jewish woman was entirely at the disposal of her father or her spouse. Forbidden to learn the law, she had no part in the synagogue service, she could not tech in school, and she could not testify in the courts. Talking to women in public was forbidden, even between a man and his wife or daughter.
The respectable Greek woman lived a secluded life; confined to her quarters, she did not emerge even for meals. Normally she appeared in public only once or twice a year: during religious festivals or at a relative`s funeral. The reason for her seclusion is related to the role of the Greek wife. Demosthenes explained the accepted rule: "We have courtesans (hetairai) for our pleasure, prostitutes (that is, young female slaves) for daily physical use, wives to bring up legitimate children and to be faithful stewards in household matters."[vii] The wife`s primary function was to bear a male heir for her husband; love and companionship were to be found elsewhere.
In Roman society, a woman had greater practical freedom. A Roman wife could appear in public with her husband and was allowed by law to initiate divorce, but beyond that her rights were limited. In the Roman pantheon and the Roman theater, women were thoroughly degraded.[viii]
In stark contrast to the universal denigration of females and the deterioration of marriage in the first century, Jesus` attitude was totally countercultural. Sweeping aside centuries of tradition and prejudice, Jesus` treatment of women was revolutionary. What did he do? Christ simply related to women as he did to men, never regarding them as inferior in any way. Christ also reaffirmed God`s original intent for marriage, which Paul quotes in this passage: "For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two will become one flesh" (Eph. 5:31; see Mt. 19:5).
The Christian faith did much for women and even more for children. In the Roman world, life was perilous for the child. Under the Roman patria potestas, a Roman father had absolute power over his family. Any member could be sold as a slave, required to work in chains, or even given the death penalty. The power of the Roman father extended over the whole life of the child, as long as the father lived. Though public opinion seldom allowed it, history records some instances of a Roman father condemning his son and executing him.[ix]
Child exposure was also common. When a child was born, the infant was placed at the father`s feet. If the father picked up the child, that meant he would keep it. If he walked away, the child was rejected. A Roman child always risked being repudiated and exposed. Unwanted children were often left in the Roman forum, where they were collected and raised by people to be slaves or prostitutes. The sickly or deformed child was treated with even greater cruelty–often drowned, according to Seneca.[x]
Symptomatic of the pervasive moral corruption of the first century world were not only the common practices of infanticide and the denigration of women, but also slavery. One authority estimated that in the roman Empire of Paul`s day there were 60 million slaves, with 20 million in Italy alone and 650,000 in Rome.[xi] Almost all labor was performed by slaves, for work was beneath the dignity of a Roman citizen. The slave was not a person, but a thing. Aristotle taught that slave and master could never be friends, for the two had nothing in common, "for a slave is a living tool, just as a tool is an inanimate slave."[xii]
The master possessed the power of life or death over a slave. If the slave ran away, he could be killed upon capture, or, at best, branded on the forehead with the letter F for fugitivus (fugitive). A Roman writer summarized the accepted code: "Whatever a master does to a slave, undeservedly, in anger, willingly, unwillingly in forgetfulness, after careful thought, knowingly, unknowingly, is judgment, justice and law."[xiii]
This was Paul`s world–a world of vicious immorality in which women, children, and slaves in the home suffered injustice, cruelty, and death. Against this start background Paul gave challenging advice to wives and husbands, children and parents, and slaves and masters.
Some Foreign Words
Paul`s inspired counsel to members of Christian households in the region of Ephesus contains several key words, words not only written in a foreign language but also unfamiliar in their meaning. The correct interpretation of this passage rests heavily on the contextual meaning of three words: "subject"[xiv] (hupotasso), "head" (kephale), and "love" (agapao).
One scholar notes that the way the Greek text has been paragraphed in English versions has compounded the exegetical problem.[xv] Modern translations of Eph. 5:21-22 vary. Three versions (Amplified, ASV, and NASB) indicate that each verse is a separate paragraph. Four versions (Goodspeed, Phillips, TEV, and TCNT) mark that a new paragraph begins at verse 22, while five versions (Berkely, Jerusalem Bible, Moffatt, NEB, and RSV) do not.[xvi]
The question raised by the paragraphing is related to our first key word, "subject." Does "be subject (hupotasso) to one another out of reverence for Christ" (5:21) relate to the previous paragraph or to the passage at hand? The fact that Paul did not use any form of the word "subject" in verse 22 ("wives to your husbands as you are to the Lord") or in verse 24 ("wives ought to be, in everything to their husbands") supports the latter. In each case, the verb found in 5:21 is implied, requiring us to link the submission of the wife in verses 22 and 24 to the concept of voluntary, mutual submission in verse 21 (a participial form of hupotasso).[xvii]
Note also that Paul used the imperative case in his address to all five of the other family members: husbands (5:28), children (6:2), fathers (6:4), slaves (6:5), and masters (6:9). Is it possible that Paul anticipated confusion over the meaning of "submission" and made these two verb omissions in order to force us to understand the word in context only? An honest interpretation of the text requires us to pay more than lip service to these verbal omissions and their importance.
Therefore, what does "submit" mean in this context? Voluntary mutual submission between husband and wife is the principle upon which Christian marriage is built. Paul`s statement in 5:21 is an outflow of 5:18b, "Be filled with the Spirit." Spirit-filled living transforms the Christian home. The New Testament calls believers to be servants ("slaves") to one another without distinctions of status or gender (Gal. 5:13).
In Ephesians Paul illustrates the principle of mutual submission in three areas: husband-wife (5:22-33), parent-child (6:1-4), and master-slave (6:5-9). Addressing the less powerful person in each dyad, Paul offers wives, children, and slaves hope and the possibility of transformation. In marriage, mutual submission is voluntary as unto the Lord and is joined with elf-sacrificing love; in parenting, it combines obedience and nurture; and in the slavery relationship, it results in a mutuality that is radically out of place in that culture.[xviii]
The second important but difficult word is "head" (kephale): "For the husband is the head of the wife just as Christ is head of the church, the body of which he is Savior" (5:23). Significant exegetical studies on the meaning of this word in the Greek language have raised questions about the uncritical equation of "head" with "authority."[xix] After examining the claim that kephale was used in ancient Greek texts to mean "ruler or person of superior authority or rank," several scholars have concluded, "There is no instance in profance Greek literature where a ruler or a hierarchy is referred to as `head` such as `Alexander was the head of the Greek armies.`"[xx] Lexicographers also give no evidence of such a meaning.[xxi]
The best illustration of the reluctance of the Greek language to render "head" as "authority" is in the Septuagint (LXX). In the 180 instances where the Hebrew word ro`sh ("leader, chief, authority") appears, the normal Greek word used is archon ("ruler, commander"). In only seventeen places did the translators use kephale–five of those have variant readings, and another four involve a head-tail metaphor, which leaves only eight instances out of 180 times the LXX translators chose kephale for ro`sh.[xxii]
If "head" (kephale did not normally mean "authority over" in Greek, what did it mean? The common Greek meaning of the word is "source, source of life, source of origin, exalted originator and completer."[xxiii] In English we sometimes use "head" in this way when we refer to the head (source) of a river.
In the seven passages in the New Testament where Paul uses kephale, the contexts of five of them (Col. 1:18; 2:10; 2:19; Eph. 1:20-23; 4:15) clearly point to this common meaning of "source."[xxiv] The concept that "head" connotes a hierarchy with men in a role of authority over women rests largely on two passages: 1 Cor. 11:3 and Eph. 5:23. When we recognize the main meaning of kephale is "source," it becomes clear that Paul is not establishing a chain of command–he is establishing origins. Rather than a "ruler" over the wife, the husband is the "source" or "beginning" of woman (made from the side of Adam), even as God is the "origin" of Christ (1 Cor. 11:3). "If you think `head` means `chief` or `boss,`" declared Chrysostom, "you skew the godhead!"[xxv]
In Eph. 5:23 "head" is used in a head-body metaphor to show the unity of husband and wife and of Christ and the church, a common Pauline analogy. Further, where "head" is used metaphorically to represent Christ`s relation to the church, it never means authority but always emphasizes Christ`s servant roles as Savior, provider, and fountainhead of life.[xxvi]
The third word, agapao, is more familiar to most of us. Paul wrote, "Husbands love your wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her" (5:25). He repeats this admonition three more times, urging husbands to love their wives as they do their own bodies (5:28a) and their own selves (5:28b, 33). The word for love is agape, a distinctive type of love. The example of Christ defines the nature of agape love as it applies to marriage: it is a sacrificial love (5:25), a purifying love (5:26-27), a caring love (5:28-29), and an unbreakable love (5:31). Frank Stagg described the attitude of husbands:
They are not to be brutish, crude, and rude; but they are to be understanding and considerate of their wives as being persons with feelings and rights. The wife is a person to be loved and respected, not a thing to be used.[xxvii]
As the love of the Messiah for his church is concrete, historic, and pragmatic, paid with no less price than his death, so this agape love is the ground and model of the concrete, historic, and pragmatic love of the husband to the wife.[xxviii] Ray Summers observed:
If he [Christ] had conducted his life according to his own best interest, there would have been no Gethsemane, no Gabbatha, no Golgotha. He gave up his own best interest and experienced the agony of Gethsemane, the agony of mistreatment at the time of his trial, and the agony of the cross. This is to be the standard by which a man judges his love for his wife.[xxix]
A Foreign Way
The earliest disciples of Jesus were called people of "the Way" even before they were called "Christians" (Acts 9:2). The metaphor, common in Greek and Hebrew Scriptures, was used frequently of the people who walked in "God`s way" or in the "way of the Lord." Jesus presented himself as "the Way" (Jn. 14:6) and once spoke of the broad way that leads to destruction and the narrow way that leads to life (Mt. 7:13-14).
"The Way" refers both to the destination of the journey and to the manner of travel. "To walk in `the Way` involves a moral style so intimately related to the destination itself that to wander from `the Way` is to miss the goal (a righteous life in a community faithful to God)."[xxx]
Into a society of vicious immorality where wealth was worshipped, life was cheap, and purity and chastity were vanishing came a new way–a way foreign to the first-century culture. The ethical lifestyle of the first followers of "the Way" is described in the second-century Epistle to Diognetus:
Every foreign land is for them a fatherland and every fatherland a foreign land. They marry like the rest of men and beget children, but they do not abandon the babies that are born. They share a common board, but not a common bed.[xxxi]
In Ephesians Paul challenges the Christian family to live by the principle of mutual yieldedness in love based upon the family`s acceptance of Christ as the Lord of the home. The apostle`s counsel is radically countercultural, for the Christian way "is more than a matter of a new understanding. Christianity is an invitation to be part of an alien people who make a difference because they see something that cannot otherwise be seen without Christ."[xxxii]
The Roman culture required a woman to accept the authority of her husband, but Paul gives a new interpretation to authority and a new attitude about the marriage relationship. Christian marriage involves a mutual submission of husband and wife to each other (5:21), based on agape love (5:25). The analogy is that of the body. Husbands and wives are to be "one flesh" (5:31); and just as Christ loved his body (the church), so the husband in loving his wife loves himself, for she is his body (5:28). Three times Paul invokes the example of Christ to illustrate what he means. Christ put the welfare of the church over his own, even to the point of death. Christian love will make any sacrifice for the welfare of the beloved.
The unity of husband and wife is so complete that they no longer exist as separate selves, but as one (5:28-31). The Christian husband is not to act in a harsh, uncaring way toward his wife, but with tender, loving support and care. The Christian wife is to show strong respect for her husband (5:33). Through love, on the one hand, and honor on the other, husband and wife are to mirror the great mystery itself, the union between Christ and his church (5:32).
Children in the Christian household also live under the lordship of Christ and are called upon to obey their parents "in the Lord" (6:1). To "honor father and mother" was the first commandment given with a promise, as well as the first commandment each child was taught (6:2).
Addressing parents, Paul warns fathers against creating anger in children that leads to lasting bitterness and resentment (6:4a), an injunction he repeated to the Colossians, adding "lest they become discouraged" (col. 3:21). Christian parenting is based upon "the discipline and instruction of the Lord" (6:4b); in attitude and content it reflects God`s will.
Against the terrible background of slavery in the roman Empire, Paul writes astounding advice to the Christian household. The command to "obey your earthly masters" (6:5) contains nothing new; the unique element is in the slave`s attitude. Slaves should offer their slavery to the true Lord as service to him.
With "fear and trembling" before the Lord, the slave should serve "with singleness of heart" (6:5b). The Christian servant is to have no mixed motives, serving wholeheartedly with enthusiasm and consistency, as unto the Lord (6:6-7). The slave`s ultimate confidence rests in God`s justice and not in possible rewards from earthly masters (6:8).[xxxiii]
Christian slaveholders are counseled "to do the same" (6:9), to relate to their slaves in the same spirit and with the same attitude. "Threatening" (6:9) has no place in the household of a Christian master, for as the slave must render wholehearted service, so the master`s response should be kindness. The owners of slaves also should be aware that their relationship to their slaves is temporary; their concern should be about their relationship to Christ, before whom both slave and mater stand on level ground, for with God there is "no partiality" (6:9).
Conclusion
Although Paul did not visualize an imminent change in cultural structures, the ethical principles he applied to the Christian home transformed existing social relationships. Seeds also were planted which led to the eventual abolition of slavery and which continue to affect marriage and family relationships to this day. Just as we cannot use Paul`s teachings to justify slavery, so we must not use Paul`s words to justify a hierarchical view of marriage which relegates the wife to an inferior position.
The most constructive way to build a Christian home is for each member of the family to work at surpassing the other in love and voluntary submission. Some ask, "But when differences arise, who is the head of the house." The answer is simple. The head of the Christian home is Christ. Christian marriage is not a struggle over power, but a covenant commitment in which "two become one" through mutual love and consideration.
Endnotes
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[i] James R. Beck, "Is There a Head of the House in the Home?" Priscilla Papers 2 (Fall, 1988): 1.
[ii] George W. Knight III, "Husbands and Wives as Analogues of Christ and the Church," in Recovering Biblical Manhood & Womanhood, ed. John Piper and Wayne Grudem (Wheaton: Crossway Books, 1991), 165-78.
[iii] Malcom O. Tolbert, Ephesians: God`s New People (Nashville: Convention Press, 1979), 116.
[iv] Cited in William Barclay, The Letters to the Galatians and Ephesians (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1956), 199-200.
[v] Barclay, Galatians and Ephesians, 202.
[vi] Adapted from the author`s forthcoming book Christian Ethics: Facing Tough Issues with Biblical Principles and Sound Reasoning (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1997), ch. 10, "Gender Issues."
[vii] Demosthenes, Neaream 122 (1386); quoted in Markus Barth, Ephesians 4-6, The Anchor Bible (New York: Doubleday & Col, 1974), 655.
[viii] Charles C. Ryrie, "Women, Status of," Baker`s Dictionary of Christian Ethics, ed. Carl F. H. Henry (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1973), 712.
[ix] Barclay, Galatians and Ephesians, 208.
[x] Ibid., 210.
[xi] S. Angus, The Environment of Early Christianity (New York: Charles Scribner`s, 1914), 38.
[xii] Cited in Barclay, Galatians and Ephesians, 213.
[xiii] Gaius Institutes; quoted in Barclay, Galatians and Ephesians, 214.
[xiv] Some translations use "submit."
[xv] Beck, "Is There a Head of the House in the Home?," 61-62. He noted that one of the earliest manuscripts (Vaticanus) marks 5:15 to 6:9 as one paragraph, but other manuscripts mark shorter paragraphs from 5:3 to 5:21 and another from 5:22 to 6:9.
[xvi] Ibid., 63.
[xvii] John Howell, Equality and Submission in Marriage (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1979), 57-62.
[xviii] Gilbert Bilezikian, "Hierarchist and Egalitarian Inculturations," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 3 (December 1987): 424-25.
[xix] See "The Battle of the Lexicons," Christianity Today, 16 January 1987, 44.
[xx] Gilbert Bilezikian, Beyond Sex Roles (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1990), 215-52.
[xxi] Berkeley Mickelsen and Alvera Mickelsen, "The `Head` of the Epistles," Christianity Today, 20 February 1981, 20. The comprehensive lexicon of the Greek language compiled by Liddell, Scott, Jones, and McKenzie lists nearly twenty-five possible meanings of kephale ("head") but does not include our common English usage of "authority over," "leader," "director," or "superior." The commonly used lexicon of Arndt and Gingrich also gives little or no support for such a meaning.
[xxii] Mickelsen and Mickelsen, "The `Head` of the Epistles," 21.
[xxiii] Ibid., 21-22; Bilezikian, Beyond Sex Roles, 23.
[xxiv] Mickelsen and Mickelsen, "The `Head` of the Epistles," 22. See also Richard S. Cervin, "Does kephale (`head`) Mean `Source` or `Authority Over` in Greek Literature?: A Rebuttal," doctoral paper, University of Illinois; published by Christians for Biblical Equality, St. Paul, MN.
[xxv] Joannis Chrysostom, S.P.N. Joannis Chrysostomi, Archiepiscopi Constantinopolitani, Opera Omnia Quae Existant, Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graece, ed. J.P. Migne, no. 61 (Paris: Apud Garnier Fratres, 1862), 215-16.
[xxvi] Bilezikian, "Hierarchist and Egalitarian Inculturations," 424.
[xxvii] Frank Stagg, New Testament Theology (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1962), 298.
[xxviii] Barth, Ephesians 4-6, 700.
[xxix] Ray Summers, Ephesians: Pattern for Christian Living (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1960), 123.
[xxx] Bruce C. Birch and Larry L. Rasmussen, Bible & Ethics in the Christian Life (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1989), 22.
[xxxi] Anonymous Epistle to Diognetus v-vi; quoted by Waldo Beach and H. Richard Niebuhr in Christian Ethics (New York: Ronald Press, 1955), 68.
[xxxii] Stanley Hauerwas and William Willimon, Resident Aliens (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1989), 24.
[xxxiii] Tolbert, Ephesians. 125.
